The nonlocality phenomena exhibited by entangled quantum systems are certainly one of the most extraordinary aspects of quantum theory. This book discusses this phe nomenon according to several points of view, i.e., according to different interpretations of the mathematics of the quantum formalism. The several interpretations of the Copenhagen interpretation, the many worlds, the de Broglie-Bohm, quantum logics, the decohering by the environment approach and the histories approach interpretations are scrutinized and criticized in detail. Recent results on cryptography, quantum bit (...) commitment, quantum erasers and teleportation are also presented and discussed. In preparing the book we benefited from discussions with many people, but we would like, in particular, to express our gratitude to Professor B. d'Espagnat for his useful comments and suggestions. We are grateful also to Ms. L. Gentry EI-Dash for the English revision, to Dr. 1. E. Maiorino for the production of the figures and a careful reading of the manuscript, and for the statI of Plenum for advice and for having produced a nice book. Finally, the authors thank FAPESP (contract no. I 99612657-0) for a grant making this book possible. A. A. ORIB AND W. A. RODRIGUES, JR. (shrink)

The study of the cultural activity of the Spiritual missions of the Russian Orthodox Church in various regions of Russia is one of the urgent tasks in the context of the problematic field of the theory of regionalism, cultural studies and socio-philosophical knowledge. Russian settlements on the territory of the Yenisei River basin and the entry of ethnic groups and territories of Yakutia and Buryatia into the Russian Empire has become one of the most important stages of the integration of (...) the ethnic groups of Siberia into a single statehood. The Irkutsk Spiritual Mission received a more perfect organization, institutionalized by increasing the number of missionary camps, which for successful Christian activities carried out among pagans allowed the formation of school educational institutions for the education and upbringing of a new Buryat generation of children in the doctrinal Orthodox canons, and Russian cultural traditions. In this regard, one of the key tasks of the missionaries was to establish a rational view of further life in new Christian-type formations, which was realized in socio-cultural activities: providing medical care to sick representatives of other ethnic groups, a friendly attitude to people of a different faith and a sincere desire to guide them on the path of righteousness, etc. It should be noted that the largest share of foreigners in this territory belonged to Buddhists, which was reflected in the influence of lamas on doctrinal issues, including economic ones. Since Buddhism in the Russian Empire belonged to the section of tolerant religions, direct (administrative) pressure on it was impossible. There remained funds of an exclusively spiritual nature, to which Orthodox missionary work was directed. Today in the Russian Federation, Buddhism, as well as Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism, as well as some other faiths belong to the category of traditional religions, which organizationally operate within the framework of the modern Russian Constitution. (shrink)

The guard-guardee model for plant immunity describes how resistance proteins in host cells monitor host target proteins that are manipulated by pathogen effector proteins. A recently suggested extension of this model includes decoys, which are duplicated copies of guardee proteins, and have the sole function to attract the effector and, when modified by the effector, trigger the plant immune response. Here we present a proof-of-principle model for the functioning of decoys in plant immunity, quantitatively developing this experimentally derived concept. Our (...) model links the basic cellular chemistry to the outcomes of pathogen infection and resulting fitness costs for the host. In particular, the model allows identification of conditions under which it is optimal for decoys to act as triggers for the plant immune response, and of conditions under which it is optimal for decoys to act as sinks that bind the pathogen effectors but do not trigger an immune response. (shrink)

The article presents the results of a study of the interaction between the public and private sectors in the field of outer space exploration. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of interaction between public authorities and private companies involved in space activities. It has been established that all leading space powers create favorable conditions for attracting private companies to space exploration. The main areas of space activity that are most attractive for private investment are identified: 1) (...) production, launch and operation of spacecraft and launch vehicles; 2)production and operation of ground equipment; 3) space research; 4) satellite observation of the Earth; 5) TV and radio broadcasting and lease of repeaters; 6) satellite internet; 7) mining in space; 8) space tourism; 9) space waste management; 10) cargo delivery to Earth orbit, etc. The current state of the space industry in Ukraine is determined. The main obstacles to space commercialization in Ukraine are also highlighted: 1) legal regulation lags far behind and does not meet the needs of space activities in Ukraine; 2) international agreements are not in line with the level of national regulation of advanced countries and new global trends; 3) Ukraine’s space industry is focused mainly on less profitable areas of the space economy, which reduces the attractiveness for private investors; 4) there is no clear distinction between national interests and commercial activities in space; 5) mechanisms for coordinating private, state and public interests in the context of space commercialization are either absent or extremely ineffective; 6) there are no effective mechanisms for attracting foreign capital to space exploration. The authors identify two main competitive models of the interplay between the public and private sectors in space exploration: “American” and “European.” It is emphasized that both models can serve as a model for the space policy implementation in Ukraine. However, given a number of considerations, it is determined that the “European” model is more optimal. (shrink)

A hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes positional frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces active movements by shifting the frames in terms of spatial coordinates. Kinematic and electromyographic patterns are not programmed, but emerge from the dynamic interaction among the system s components, including external forces within the designated frame of reference. Motoneuronal threshold properties and proprioceptive inputs to (...) motoneurons may be cardinal components of the physiological mechanism that produces positional frames of reference. The hypothesis that intentional movements are produced by shifting the frame of reference is extended to multi-muscle and multi-degrees-of-freedom systems with a solution of the redundancy problem that allows the control of a joint alone or in combination with other joints to produce any desired limb configuration and movement trajectory. The model also implies that for each motor behavior, the nervous system uses a strategy that minimizes the number of changeable control variables and keeps the parameters of these changes invariant. Examples are provided of simulated kinematic and electromyographic signals from single- and multi-joint arm movements produced by suggested patterns of control variables. Empirical support is provided and additional tests of the model are suggested. The model is contrasted with others based on the ideas of programming of motoneuronal activity, muscle forces, stiffness, or movement kinematics. (shrink)

At the end of the 19th century, violent attacks by so-called anarchists gave the anarchist movement an increased amount of publicity. In the meantime, the success of “scientific socialism” promoted rationality to the rank of a new political doctrine. This article analyses the joint criticism of violence and materialism in the discourse of Gustav Landauer (1870-1919). The German philosopher and revolutionary made an original contribution to anarchism in theorising its incompatibility with violent means of action. He also made a crucial (...) move for the theory of ideas in affirming that reason was not the solution, but often the cause of violence. (shrink)

À partir de l’observatoire d’une « consultation antialcoolique » ouverte en 1954 dans le 13e arrondissement de Paris, cet article étudie la manière dont le travail social a investi le nouveau champ d’action du suivi psychiatrique de l’alcoolisme, dans un contexte de mutations de la prise en charge médicale de cette maladie. Le contenu autant que la structure des dossiers de patients de la consultation, que nous mettons en regard avec des publications issues de revues médicales et de travail social, (...) permettent d’approcher le travail quotidien des assistantes sociales, au plus près des alcooliques et de leurs familles. Nous montrons que l’action de l’assistante sociale, devenue centrale bien que subordonnée à celle du médecin psychiatre, s’enrichit d’une dimension psychothérapique et se caractérise par la recherche de la confiance du malade et de son adhésion au traitement, marquant ainsi une inflexion nette dans le rapport aux populations assistées. Cependant, ces évolutions ne suffisent pas à débarrasser le travail social de ses ambiguïtés constitutives et notamment de ses fonctions de contrôle et de surveillance, sources de difficultés, de malentendus et de conflits avec les malades et leurs proches. (shrink)

The seeming absence of negative evidence in the input that children receive during language acquisition has long been regarded as a serious problem for non-nativist linguistic theories. Among the solutions that have been suggested for this problem, preemption by competing structures is doubtless the most intensively researched and widely accepted. However, while preemption works well in the domain of morphology, it cannot apply categorically in the domain of syntax, as this would preclude the existence of semantically overlapping constructions, such as (...) the ditransitive and the prepositional dative, which can be used alternatively with many, but not all, verbs of literal or metaphorical transfer. This paper investigates one specific version of preemption briefly entertained by Pinker (Language learnability and language development, Harvard University Pressm, 1984), which would account both for the existence of semantically overlapping constructions and for the fact that these constructions may preempt each other in the case of individual verbs. Typically, such pairs of grammatical constructions differ in their information-structural restrictions and speakers tend to choose the construction that best fits a given discourse context; when speakers use a construction even though there is an alternative that fits the discourse context better, children may take this as evidence that the alternative is not available for the specific verb in question. Two corpus studies are presented, comparing the information-structural profile of prepositional dative constructions containing verbs that may alternate between the dative and the ditransitive with the information structural profile of verbs that are restricted to the prepositional dative. For Pinker's preemptive mechanism to be feasible, there should be a clear and systematic difference in the information-structural profile of these two classes of verbs. However, no such difference can be found in actual usage. (shrink)

This book contains a variety of essays aimed at developing a philosophical defense of public goods against neo-liberal criticisms. Looking at concepts such as collective action, common property, intellectual property and issues such as health, education, welfare, environment, media, cities, and the prison industrial complex.

The socialist project is burdened by a history of brutal failures. The authors of the papers collected in this volume are convinced that a democratic and humane socialism is both desirable and possible. They lay out their view of different aspects of this new socialism in this book. Anatole Anton and Richard Schmitt are both the editors and contributors to this book. -/- Select chapters translated into Spanish have appeared in a volume in Barcelona, Spain.

Capitalism is in crisis. Is a better world possible and what would it look like? Taking Socialism Seriously breaks important new paths for significant social change by examining detailed questions seriously that had previously been neglected.

The basic concepts of motor control formulated in our target article were derived from specific experiments, a fact which is disregarded in Dalenoort's comments. A purely academic approach to motor control may not result in a clearer understanding of control concepts.

The cerebellum probably obeys the rules of sensorimotor integration common in the nervous system. One such a rule is formulated: the nervous system organizes spatial frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces voluntary movements by shifting their origin points. We give examples of spatial frames of reference for different single- and multi-joint movements including locomotion and also illustrate that the process of motor development and learning may depend critically on the formation of appropriate frames of reference and the (...) organism's ability to manage them. We suggest that a solution to the problem of sensorimotor integration may not be trivial and may actually change the mental and experimental paradigms used in the understanding of the cerebellum and other brain structures, [HOUK et al.; SIMPSON et al.; SMITH; TIIACH]. (shrink)

The presented article is an attempt to describe in a synthetic way an own vision of a German front-line soldier of the First World War. It also tries to show an image of some enemies – the French, the British and the Russians. The attempt was made on the basis of recollection material and literary forms created either during or soon after the war. The conclusion is unequivocal – the more contact the authors of the texts had with the opponent, (...) the more balanced image of the enemy they presented in their texts and the less were they prone to overestimate the German soldier. Yet the press material contained a lot of exaggeration. The authors created a haughty and sometimes even superhuman image of the German soldier. At the same time the image of the enemy was inhuman and deserving contempt. (shrink)

At the end of the first book of Apollonius' Argonautica, Telamon accuses Jason of plotting to leave Heracles behind, an insult for which Telamon later apologizes. This article suggests that their reconciliation unites the Alexandrian interest in what is appropriate for epic with Aristotelian views on anger and political friendship, two themes that resonate throughout the poem. While Telamon's apology and Jason's moderate response revise the structure of traditional epic quarrels, the portrayal of self-control in this episode constitutes a moral (...) exemplar in keeping with those Homeric scenes that were admired by ancient philosophers. (shrink)

The appearance of nuclear weapons suddenly made the extinction of humanity a distinct possibility. In view of this obverse side of scientific progress, attitudes toward science in the general population became ambivalent, at times bordering on hostility. It is argued that to a great extent the scientists themselves are responsible for the tarnished image of science. Accordingly they should restore science to its role of furthering human welfare and, above all, as a source of enlightenment. In our age enlightenment entails (...) emancipating humanity from superstitions generated by the cooptation of science in the service of power. (shrink)

ExcerptWeak government is a negation of liberty.Francis LieberAfter the experiences of the past generation, it should be apparent that all too much of liberal internationalist thinking in America is not “internationalist” in any real sense at all. Internationalism, if it is to have any meaning as a word, must mean peace and cooperation between different nations, which by nature will have not merely different interests that must be reconciled but different political systems that must coexist.